She threatened that if i initiate divorce process in US she will go to India before the process is concluded in US and will file charges against me in India. She has told that she will drag me to India and ensure my career is ruined. I'm directionless at this point and have very few options now.
This is just a threatening call given by her to terrorise you mentioning the draconian women biased laws in India. In fact these laws may appear vigorous and dangerous in the initiaal stages only but as you challenge them, the false cases will not stand before law and nothing will ruin your life or future as falsely posed by her words.
1) How can I protect myself if she goes back to India and files charges against me after her release in US?
Once you are still in US itself, the summons or notices may not reach you in US nor it can be effective if you choose to ignore such notices because they cannot travel to US to take you to Indian courts for this purpose.
2) Will her arrest and the police report from US favor me in India in anyway?
This will certainly support your defence agaisnt her false cases to depict her character as well as her retaliatory activities to avenge you, which itself shall be a defence weapon to you.
3) Is it possible for her to file any sort of charges that will force or deport me from US?
NO.
4) On other forums I'm being advised that me and my parents could end up in jail if a case is started in India. I have not asked her for any money or things neither have I abused her physically or verbally. How can she prove any allegations against me?
Some people will spread false rumours to scare you who either do not know law or the procedures being followed in such circumstances.
The only case by which the police can be behind you is under section 498a, for that also the police has to follow the procedures laid down in section 41A of cr.p.c. before making any arrest, so better be not be misguided by such words of rumour mongers.