Child custody can be decided among the parents before they petition the court for mutual consent divorce. Usually, the courts decide the matter of child custody at the earliest as the welfare of the child is a top priority. All cases of child custody are treated on an individual case-by-case basis. This ensures that the child is not put in the hands of an unfit parent.
In the case of child custody, there are different kinds of custody that can be awarded by the Indian courts to parents:
1. Physical custody of child – The physical custody of the child means that the child shall live with the parent who is granted the physical custody. The other parent is usually given visitation rights over the weekend. The parent who has the physical custody is usually the primary guardian.
2. Legal custody of child – In legal custody, the parents have the right to make important decisions regarding educational and religious upbringing, financial support and medical care that affect the welfare of the child. This decision making is generally shared among parents and the expenses and maintenance are borne by both the parents.
3. Joint custody of child – Recently, a new concept of joint custody has been evolving which gives both parents equal physical and legal custody. Though there are no legal provisions on shared parenting, the judiciary has been taking steps to bring about joint custody in India. Through this, children of separated parents can get the benefit of having both parents as active members in their life thus doing away with the concept of primary guardianship.The court has the right to appoint a guardian for a minor’s person or property or both under the The Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act, 1956 which exists in harmony with the Guardians and Wards Act, 1890.
The court will consider the age, sex and religion of the minor;
The character and capacity of the proposed guardian and his nearness of kin to the minor;
If the minor is old enough to form an intelligent preference, the court may consider that preference;
The court shall not appoint or declare any person to be a guardian against his will;The child’s comfort, health, material, intellectual, moral and spiritual welfare will b d major consideration of d court.