Hi
In the absence of any agreement between the franchisee and franchisor, the money paid by the franchisee should be construed as a refundable trade advance only.
It is not to be construed as a franchise fee (as there is no franchise agreement).
if the business relationship between the franchisee and franchisor has been terminated unilaterally by the franchisee, then the franchisor in absence of agreement is required to refund the balance of money so received by him as advance after deduction of his (franchisor investments which can be in the form of either branding, supply of materials, providing man power, training man power etc
However in absence of agreement, franchisor cannot claim royalty and or franchisee fee.
Hope this information is useful.